max(expr) − maximum value within the group.count(expr) − count of values for rows within the group.avg(expr) − average value for rows within the group.It computes summaries (aggregates) for each unique combination of values. GROUP BY groups together rows that have the same values in specified columns. NATURAL JOIN is very rarely used in practice. NATURAL JOIN used these columns to match rows:Ĭity.id, city.name, country.id, country.name. NATURAL JOIN will join tables by all columns with the same name. SELECT city.name, country.nameĬROSS JOIN returns all possible combinations of rows from both tables.
#Notion formula tutorial full
SELECT city.name, country.nameįULL JOIN (or explicitly FULL OUTER JOIN) returns all rows from both tables – if there's no matching row in the second table, NULLs are returned. If there's no matching row, NULLs are returned as values from the left table. RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table with corresponding rows from the left table. If there's no matching row, NULLs are returned as values from the second table.
LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table with corresponding rows from the right table.
JOIN (or explicitly INNER JOIN) returns rows that have matching values in both tables. 'ublin' (like Dublin in Ireland or Lublin in Poland):įetch names of cities that have a population between 500K and 5M:įetch names of cities that don't miss a rating value:įetch names of cities that are in countries with IDs 1, 4, 7, or 8: SAMPLE DATA QUERYING SINGLE TABLEįetch all columns from the country table: SELECT *įetch id and name columns from the city table: SELECT id, nameįetch city names sorted by the rating column in the default ASCending order: SELECT nameįetch city names sorted by the rating column in the DESCending order: SELECT nameĪliases Columns SELECT name AS city_name FROM city įROM city AS ci JOIN country AS co ON ci.country_id = co.id įILTERING THE OUTPUT COMPARISON OPERATORSįetch names of cities that have a rating above 3:įetch names of cities that are neither Berlin nor Madrid:įetch names of cities that start with a 'P' or end with an 's':įetch names of cities that start with any letter followed by It is used in practically all technologies that process data. Today, SQL is a universal language of data. It allows you to select specific data and to build complex reports. SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language to talk to databases.
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